Degrees: PhD, Saarland University.
Current Position: Director of the Research Center Deutsche Bundesbank (German Federal Bank).
Past Positions: German Council of Economic Experts, 1978-1980; Economist and deputy division head, Economics Department, German Federal Bank, 1980- .
Main Areas of Research: Macroeconomics and monetary policy; Publisher of various books, such as "Ageing, Financial Markets and Monetary Policy" (2002), "Foreign direct investment in the real and financial sector of industrial countries" (2003) and "Convergence or divergence in Europe" (2006).
